民间剪纸
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<TD class=title align=middle bgColor=#ffffcc height=30>剪纸的历史</TD></TR></TABLE></TD></TR>
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<TD class=css width="35%"><FONT color=#000033>时 间：2003-10-18 </FONT></TD>
<TD class=css width="35%"><FONT color=#000033>来 源：央视国际</FONT></TD>
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<P> 中国剪纸艺术源远流长。从河南辉县固图村出土的战国时期的银箔和新疆出土的汉代金箔饰片来看，这些东西已经具备了剪纸艺术的造型特点。 </P>
<P> 中国民间剪纸研究会副会长兼秘书长 张树贤:准确地讲，剪纸艺术应该是在有纸张发明之后的事情。但是现在我们从有关的出土考古文物当中，或者从有关的博物馆当中发现，一些在绢上剪出来的图案，或者在一些金属、铜片，或者在一些陶片上的一些图案，都已经看出来，剪纸实际上是在纸张发明之前已经有它的造型。因此可以讲，剪纸它的历史在世界上是非常古老的。 </P>
<P> 汉代纸张的发明，为剪纸艺术的最终形成和发展奠定了必要的物质基础。 </P>
<P> 《通鉴外记》里说，"晋惠帝正月赏宴，百花未开，令宫人剪五色通草花。"由此可见，剪纸艺术在西晋时已经形成，并且和岁时节令及妇女装饰有关。 </P>
<P> 距今约1000年的中国传统镂空印染模具--纸型，是用厚纸剪刻出来的图案纹样，应该算是中国最早的剪纸艺术了。传统剪纸最初的功用并不是独立的美术作品，而是作为服饰、刺绣、装饰实物的图案纸或者稿样。 </P>
<P> 隋唐以后，剪纸艺术日趋繁荣。唐代还出现了专门描述剪纸的诗句。其中的《采胜》诗写到：剪采赠相亲，银钗缀凤真。叶逐金刀出，花随玉指新。 </P>
<P> 诗中绘声绘色地描绘出了唐代佳人剪纸的优美动作和剪出的花鸟草虫的美丽花样。 </P>
<P> 到了宋朝，开始出现剪纸行业和剪纸名家。周密《志雅堂杂钞》中记载：有个叫俞敬之的人，专门剪名家的字。之后，有个少年能在衣袖中剪文字和花朵一类的东西，名噪一时……俞敬之是剪纸艺术史上留下姓名的第一人。 </P>
<P> 原中国剪纸学会会长 仉凤皋:由于中国剪纸依附于民俗，民俗比较稳定。屡次改朝换代，虽然朝代变了，剪纸依然不变。到了唐代宋代，（剪纸）开始普及；到了明清时代，是剪纸的高峰期。那时候象征寓意的剪纸可以说发展到了：有图必有意，有意必吉祥。 </P>
<P> 清朝流传下来的剪纸实物和文献资料比前朝都要多，像剪纸熏样、刺绣花样等都有实物资料。 </P>
<P> "镂金作胜传荆俗，剪采为人起晋风。"剪纸艺术苍茫几千年，与岁时节令和民间习俗密不可分，代代承传，延续至今，显示出了中华民族文化的恢弘气度和深邃底蕴。 </P></FONT></TD></TR>
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[align=right][color=#000066][此贴子已经被作者于2005-8-26 10:20:19编辑过][/color][/align]
民间剪纸的种类
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<TD><FONT color=#000000>以下内容选自王克武--中国剪纸的论述<IMG src="http://www.zh5000.com/JS/zgjzhi/3.jpg" align=right><BR> 由于各人的观点合乎依据不同，剪纸的分类也不同。例如有人认为用刀刻出来的不叫剪纸，而应该称为刻纸；但是有人却认为追本溯源，古代的剪纸也是剪镂刀刻的，何况剪也有“绞刀”之别称，为何刀刻就不能称为剪纸呢？事实上，剪镂刀刻的痕迹确有差异，其应用的技法也有难易之分，因此，世人认为刀剪并用的作品可通称为剪纸，而纯刀刻的作品仍可称为剪纸，于是剪纸分类上就有剪纸、刻纸之分了。</FONT> <BR>
<P><FONT color=#000000> 剪纸的纹样大致可以分为：人物、鸟兽、文字、器用、鳞介、花木、果菜、昆虫、山水等，还有人提出加上世界珍奇、现代器物两类，共计11类。<BR> 又中国剪纸的特点，表现为题材的寓意，所以寓意可作为分来的依据，由此可分为：纳吉祝福、怯邪、除恶、劝勉、警戒、趣味等七类。<BR> 有人认为剪纸的分类应以用途为据，由此可分为：<BR>（1）装饰类：贴于它物之上以供欣赏或增加它物之美的剪纸，如窗花<BR>（2）俗信类：用于祭祀、祈福、怯灾、怯邪、驱毒的剪纸，如门神<BR>（3）稿模类：用于版模、印染的剪纸，如绣稿<BR>（4）设计类：能增加它物之美，或能宣扬它物的剪纸，如电影或电视的片头</FONT></P>
<P><FONT color=#000000><IMG src="http://www.zh5000.com/JS/zgjzhi/40.jpg" align=left> 另外也有人认为剪纸应分为三类：<BR>（1）凡是用单色纸剪做的窗花、彩稿（花样子），称为剪纸。 <BR>（2）凡是用彩色纸剪做、经粘贴而成的作品，应称为剪贴。<BR>（3）凡是剪后再填色的作品应称为剪画。此种说法未免含混笼统、似是而非，不仅类同窗花的繁多作品未列入，而且剪画一词释义尚多，不宜据于列类，何况剪而染色的作品将如何归类，实待商榷。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT color=#000000> 还有以用纸及制作分类的，多用于教学之用。它将剪纸分为二类七种：<BR>第一类：单色剪纸。就是用一种色纸来剪做的。又细分为<BR>（1）折剪类，即将纸折叠后剪，放开后可得一种图案或字型。<BR>（2）迭剪类，即将数张纸重叠在一起，钉牢后再依稿剪之，一次可得数张作品。 <BR>第二类：复色剪纸，又称为彩色剪纸。是以数张彩纸分剪后剪拼贴成图；或以白纸依稿剪成，再染填上各种颜色；或先剪成主版，衬以白纸后再染填上各种颜色。细分可为：<BR>（1）衬色类，先用单色剪纸的方法剪做成图，再以彩纸为衬。<BR>（2）套色类，以单色剪纸的方法剪成主版和次版的形象，再另剪色纸贴裱在主版需要的部位上；或将画稿所需的各色色纸，重叠在一起钉牢，再沿稿线以次剪成，择取一张为主版，贴裱在衬底上，再将其余的部分添贴在主版之上。<BR>（3）拼色类，即分别用色纸剪成各部分形象，再依图样贴裱在衬纸上；或见各色纸重叠在一起钉牢，再依稿剪成，吻拼于衬纸上。<BR>（4）染色类，即用易于浸渍的白纸或浅色纸剪成各种形象，再逐次染成所需的颜色；或先将纸染色，再剪成形象。<BR>（5）填色类，即先用黑色纸或深色纸剪出主版，裱贴在白纸上，再依稿填涂各种颜色；或用白纸剪成主题形象，裱贴后再填染所需颜色；也有先填色而后剪做的。<BR> 至于兼用两类方法制作的剪纸，应择其主要的方法归其类别。</FONT><BR></P></TD></TR>
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拼贴剪纸
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<TD><FONT color=#ffffff>拼贴剪纸</FONT></TD></TR>
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<TD><FONT color=#000000><IMG src="http://www.zh5000.com/JS/jizh/qita/1.jpg" align=left> 在民间，老鼠嫁女的故事家喻户晓，说法不一。其中一种传说是 老鼠夫妇想把漂亮的小女儿嫁给有权势的人。嫁给谁呢?老鼠想到还是猫最有权势，欲把女儿嫁给猫，猫答应了做老鼠的女婿。就在娶亲的当天，送上门的老鼠被猫吃了个精光。这一故事讽喻那些攀高结贵的人，告诫人们不能趋炎附势，为权势和高贵所迷惑。各地有许多以老鼠嫁女为素材的年画、剪纸艺术，各具艺术特色。图中的老鼠嫁女场面宏太，形象众多，冶轿的、骑马的、抬嫁妆的，还有送亲乐队，表现了娶亲路上的热闹情景。老鼠的造型生动富有情趣，形象刻画细腻，线条细密，玲拢剔透，尤其是打毛，一把剪刀可以剪出细如方丝的动物毛发感。</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>
熏样剪纸
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<TD><IMG src="http://www.zh5000.com/ws-imatool/w3.gif"> <FONT color=#ffffff>熏样剪纸</FONT></TD></TR>
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<TD><FONT color=#000000><IMG src="http://www.zh5000.com/JS/jizh/qita/3.jpg" align=right> 贴窗花是春节时喜庆吉祥活动之一。窗花剪纸无论是题材，还是剪刻技艺，在剪纸艺术中都最具代表性。它的剪刻形式有三类:一是单色剪纸，常用大红纸或其他色纸剪刻，应用范围较广;二是套色剪纸，一般用于店铺、厅堂;三是浮雕剪纸，它将剪刻与纸折叠工艺融为一体，别具特色，流行于甘肃、青海一带。窗花的造型与多种多样的窗枝形式有关联，所以不以固定格式流传，而形成了丰富的剪刻造型，常见的有方形、圆形、菱形以及团花四角式、自由式等构图形式。为追求室内光线的充足，营造室内清新、明快的装饰效果，窗花剪纸多用细线造型。图中窗花为剪纸熏样老虎，虎的形象及神态憨厚质朴，似一只肥猫，完全没有虎的威猛之势。在民间，虎这种似猫、似猪、又似孩童的可爱造型，是因为人们并不将虎视作凶猛的动物。在处理手法上，这一剪纸熏样线条粗细对比得当、疏密有致，十分爽朗。 </FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>
染色剪纸
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<TD><FONT color=#000000><IMG src="http://www.zh5000.com/JS/jizh/xtp/6.jpg" align=left> 作为土木构架建筑的中国民居，窗户窗格密度大，窗口一般为方形，也有圆形、穹形等样式，但面积不太，室内采光效果不佳。为补光源之不足，窗户多用白纸祷糊，香节贴上红色的搂空窗花，光线透过窗口进入室内，可增加喜庆气氛。由单幅剪纸组成的窗花图案，常见的题材有"吉祥喜庆"、"五谷丰登"、"贵花祥鸟"等，也有的表现戏曲故事、传统故事，还有一些表现家禽、辟邪五毒、神道仙子、花卉瓶饰等与春节有关的内容。图中的窗花为五色染绘题字四季花卉瓶饰，剪绘精巧细致，题字劲挺飘逸，色彩渣染自然言蓄。剪纸工艺的精细委婉，颇具山东胶东地口前纤的特色。</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>
染色剪纸欣赏
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this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411191162962.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411192235468.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411192235468.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411193424982.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411193424982.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411194110145.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411194110145.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR> <img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411201866274.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411201866274.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411202612705.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411202612705.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411203679155.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411203679155.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411204942818.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411204942818.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411205958924.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411205958924.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR> <img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411213428074.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411213428074.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411214225641.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411214225641.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411215084242.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411215084242.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/20058141122234578.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/20058141122234578.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411221245867.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411221245867.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR> <img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411225216233.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411225216233.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/20058141123372125.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/20058141123372125.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411231293791.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411231293791.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411232741732.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411232741732.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411233533031.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411233533031.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR> <img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411242220742.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411242220742.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411242984425.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411242984425.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411243742072.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411243742072.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411244943545.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411244943545.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/20058141125442968.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/20058141125442968.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR> <img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411253934552.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411253934552.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411254973620.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411254973620.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411261027658.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/200581411261027658.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR>扬 州 剪 纸
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=600 border=0><TR>
<TD class=9huang align=middle><STRONG>扬 州 剪 纸<BR><BR></STRONG></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD class=9black1> 扬州是我国剪纸流行最早的地区之一。隋炀帝三下扬州，广筑离宫别馆，恣意游乐。每到冬天，园苑中花树凋零，池水结冰，汤帝游兴不减，令宫女们仿照民间剪纸，用彩锦剪为花叶，点缀枝条，挂于树上，同时剪成荷花、菱芰、藕芡等物，去掉池中冰块，逐一布置水上，如同春夏之交艳丽景色，以赏心悦目。这反映了扬州剪纸的源远流长。唐代，扬州已有剪纸迎春的风俗。立春之日，民间剪纸为花，又剪为春蝶、春钱、春胜，"或悬于佳人之首，或缀于花下"，相观以为乐。剪纸还有一些特别用途，民间剪纸人、纸马及纸钱等，用来祭奠鬼神。大诗人杜甫写有"暖汤濯我足，剪纸招吾魂"诗句，即谓此。1980年春，扬州各界迎接"鉴真大师像"回故乡"探亲"，剪纸艺人作了《监真大和尚》剪纸，赵朴初先生为之写《忆江南》词一首，有"明目满城歌过海，神工剪纸与招魂"之句。明清时，扬州剪纸增强了装饰性，欣赏结合实用，既用于妇女儿童的装饰，作为刺绣的底样，剪制鞋花、忱花、台布花、床单花等；也用于民间风俗"仪饰"，如年节图案、喜庆图案、门前花饰、灯采花、龙船花、斗香花之类。民间剪纸艺人凭着一把剪刀，几张宣纸，百般变化，寓意多端，剪出象征吉祥、如意、福寿、财喜等等花样来。直至清末民初，扬州仍有不少艺人赖剪纸手艺谋生。 <BR>
<P> 解放后，剪纸同其他传统手工艺一样得到了党和政府的重视。1955年，成立了民间工艺社（现为扬州工艺厂），把民间流散的艺人组织起来，并安排了良好的工作条件，大大激发了他们的创作热情。现在他们品种已有1000多种，销售至几十个国家和地区，为国内外文化艺术交流作出了贡献。著名老艺人张永寿，是扬州剪纸艺术的优秀代表。他从12岁起随父学艺，经历了70多个艺术春秋，创作了数千幅剪纸。其主要作品有50年代的《百花齐放》、70年代的《百菊图》和80年代的《百蝶恋花图》三部剪纸集。《百花齐放》剪纸集出版时，郭沫若同志为之写诗云："扬州艺人张永寿，剪出百花齐主来。请看剪下出春秋，顿使东风遍九垓"。1979年，张永寿被国家授予中国工艺美术大师称号。日本朋友称誉他为"人间国宝"。<BR></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
扬州剪纸欣赏
jpg[/up<img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/20058141283812429.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/20058141283812429.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/20058141285193343.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/20058141285193343.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/2005814129187806.jpg" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2005-8/2005814129187806.jpg\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /><BR>[upload=jpg]UploadFile/2005-8/20058141291439197load]<BR>河南剪纸
<TABLE height=147 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="92%" border=0><TR>
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<P><B><FONT color=#ff9900 size=6>河南剪纸</FONT></B></P></TD></TR>
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<TD width="62%" height=20><FONT color=#008080> 河南剪纸历史悠久，南宋周密的《志雅堂朵钞》中，就有一段是描写汴梁城里，出售剪纸的盛况：“昔京都大街，有剪花样者……。一少年，能于袖中剪字及花朵之类，独擅一时之誉。”由此看来，早在宋代，剪纸就已在民间广泛流行，还出现了以此为生的剪纸艺人，而且技艺已达到了较高的水平。</FONT> <BR>
<P><FONT color=#008080><IMG src="http://dahecun.nease.net/dhfq/jmjh/jz/papercut4.gif" align=left border=0> 盛行于河南广大地域的传统地方剪纸，其思维观念，仍没有摆脱崇神意识的本质，其动机在于冀求人类与“神灵”的交感，尽管在寻求表达方式时，其间含有多种隐喻手法（为地域文化所包容），但其全部意义，总是与人类的生存需要和愿望（求安、趋利、辟邪）紧密相连。剪纸“天地神”、“求雨”、“谷神”，就表现出庶民百姓无法与天灾人祸抗争时，仰仗神灵、魔力来驱邪避害，以求家室安宁，五谷丰登。它们与云贵、陕甘等边远地区的民间剪纸相比较，河南剪纸似乎已超越了早期人类对虚幻动物精灵，或直观的“生殖图腾”崇拜的表现形式，而进入了封建社会佛、儒、道的神权、礼教思维制约时期。剪纸“舞狮”的形象表征是舞狮活动，然而民俗内涵则是借舞狮暗喻”子孙繁衍”。图中舞狮者的性特征为男性，手舞“双绣球”，象征雄性的昂扬，在中原民俗活动中是“祈子”的行为。在这里，人类本能中的繁衍意识，已被纳入“三纲五常”中“不孝有三，无后为大”的封建伦理规范之中，这种思维规范一旦通过剪纸形式展现时，便极易为地域群体所理解、共认。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT color=#008080> 河南民间剪纸的大部分内容，与普通老百姓的日常生活有关。喜花（结婚时贴用）“鸳鸯戏莲”是表现人们希望“婚姻美满、白首偕老”；窗花“金虎送钱”（视虎为万能吉祥物），则是期盼“生活富足、金钱遍地”；“牧羊人”、“庄稼汉”、“喂猪”、“拉洋车”，表现出不同历史时期芸芸众生的生活写真。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT color=#008080> 随着时代的变革，河南人传统的民俗观念逐步淡化，取而代之的是具有现代意识的审美需求。如今的河南农村，逐渐摆脱了贫困面貌，富裕起来的农民精神面貌焕然一新，迫切要求以新的生活方式来满足其物质、精神的需求。剪纸“小康人家”表现了华灯初上，劳累一天的农民悠然自得的休闲情调，充满了温馨之美；“看电视”，展示出农民在经济、精神生活方面的巨大变化。“电视机”——这种只有城里人才有条件享受的高档商品，如今已在山区、农村安家落户。无怪图中老农民兴高采烈地翘起二郎腿，正面对电视机说天道地。老伴儿安闲地一手执鞋底，一手在发顶上磨针的动作，十分典型、细腻地刻画出中原农村妇女勤俭持家的传统美德。</FONT></P>
<P><FONT color=#008080> 通观河南民间剪纸，从某种意义上讲，已逐渐突破地域文化的小空间，进入到现代文化的大空间；在继承传统精神的基础上，进入到个性化发展的空间，使人感到朝气蓬勃、充满活力。</FONT> </P></TD>
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<P align=center><FONT color=#808080>夜 浴 （鲁山县李福财）</FONT></P></TD></TR>
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<P align=center><FONT color=#808080>鸳鸯戏莲 （尉氏县金妞）</FONT></P></TD></TR>
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<P align=center><FONT color=#808080>牧羊人 （灵宝县王玺玉）</FONT></P></TD></TR>
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<P align=center><FONT color=#808080>看电视 （洛宁县李滔）</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE></TD></TR>
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